Why did Allah Almighty not specify with words a certain group of Jews in His saying, "And the Jews say, 'Ezra is the son of Allah'," whereas He specified "those who wronged" in His saying, "But those who wronged changed [the words]"?

The Holy Quran indicates that the leaders and chiefs of the Jews were the ones who uttered the heinous statement. This falls under the rhetorical device of a general statement intended to convey a specific meaning, because not all Jews said that. An example of this is the Almighty's saying: (The people said to them), yet not all people said that. Al-Naqqash said that no Jew remains who says it; rather, they have become extinct. And if one person says it, the group is held accountable for the atrocity of the statement due to the prominence of the speaker.