What is the solution for the severe distress and anguish that afflicts me when I observe a voluntary fast after having abandoned it for a year, and does my attachment to acts of worship solely because of what has befallen me spoil my enjoyment of worship?

Continue fasting and pay no mind to the distress and grief caused by it, for that is from Satan. One must humble themselves before Allah and turn to Him, especially during calamities. This is a religious requirement and not an indication of corrupt intention, as Allah states: "Then why did they not humble themselves when Our affliction came upon them? But their hearts became hardened, and Satan made attractive to them that which they were doing" (Al-An'am: 43), and "And We did not send into any city a prophet except that We seized its people with poverty and hardship that they might humble themselves [to Us]" (Al-A'raf: 94).