How did Abu Shamah respond to the contradiction in the Basmalah hadith that Al-Hafiz Al-Iraqi mentioned in "At-Taqyid wal-Idah"?
Ibn Abd al-Barr spoke about the contradictory narrations from Anas regarding the Basmalah in prayer and declared them to be disturbed. Abu Shamah tried to give preference to the affirming hadiths based on what Al-Bukhari narrated in his Sahih from Qatadah from Anas, that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to prolong "Bismillahi Ar-Rahmani Ar-Rahim" (In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful). He mentioned that this hadith indicates the audible recitation of the Basmalah absolutely, both inside and outside of prayer. He also mentioned that the question directed to Anas was about his recitation in prayer, and he responded with the Basmalah, which indicates that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to recite it audibly. Al-Shafi'i, Al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Abd al-Barr, Ibn Khuzaymah, Al-Nawawi, and Ibn Hajar preferred the affirmation of the Basmalah, and they interpreted Anas's hadiths as referring to reciting it silently. Al-Shafi'i, in refuting the hadith of negation narrated by Malik from Anas that Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman did not recite "Bismillahi Ar-Rahmani Ar-Rahim," stated that a larger number of narrators is more reliable than a single one. He preferred Sufyan's narration from Anas that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, Abu Bakr, and Umar used to begin their recitation with "Al-hamdulillahi Rabbil 'Alamin" (All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds), explaining that this does not mean they omitted the Basmalah. Al-Tirmidhi said that the meaning of this hadith is that they used to begin reciting the Fatihat al-Kitab (opening chapter of the Qur'an) before the surah. Ibn Khuzaymah said that Anas, by his statement "I did not hear any of them recite Bismillahi Ar-Rahmani Ar-Rahim," meant that he did not hear them recite it audibly, and that they used to recite it silently. Al-Albani mentioned that the chain of narration for this hadith is authentic. Ibn al-Qayyim said that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to recite the Basmalah audibly at times and silently more often, and that he did not always recite it audibly. Al-San'ani said that the most probable opinion is that he, peace and blessings be upon him, used to recite it audibly at times and silently at other times. Among the clearest proofs for this view is the hadith narrated by Al-Daraqutni and Al-Bayhaqi: "When you recite 'Al-hamdulillahi,' then recite 'Bismillahi Ar-Rahmani Ar-Rahim,' for it is the Mother of the Book and the Seven Oft-Recited Verses, and 'Bismillahi Ar-Rahmani Ar-Rahim' is one of its verses." This is an authentic hadith.
Summarized from the full answer at Ftawy · reviewed Sep 2, 2026
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