Is a son considered disobedient to his mother if he rents a house to live with his wife near his work due to the long distance, after his mother refused and threatened to curse him?

There is no harm in leaving your parents' home and moving to a residence near your work, and this is not considered an act of disobedience. You must strive to honor your parents and seek their رضا (pleasure), especially your mother, for honoring her is one of the greatest acts of nearness to Allah. Use wisdom and gentleness to achieve your and your wife's best interest, while maintaining their honor and pleasure.