What is the ruling on my fasting and prayers during the ten days in which I bled due to a miscarriage, knowing that the fetus was approximately five weeks old?

What prevents prayer and fasting is menstrual blood or post-natal bleeding (nifas). Blood from a miscarriage is not considered nifas unless the pregnancy has lasted eighty days or more, because the embryo begins to form at this stage. If the embryo is expelled before this period, the blood discharged is dysfunctional blood (dam fasad) and does not prevent fasting or prayer, unless it coincides with the woman's usual menstrual period, in which case it is considered menstruation.

Sheikh Al-Uthaymeen said: "If the embryo is expelled and blood is discharged thereafter, if the human form has become apparent in this embryo—its hands, legs, and other organs are distinct—then the blood is nifas blood, and the woman does not pray or fast until she becomes pure from it. If the human form is not apparent in it, then the blood is not nifas blood, so she prays and fasts, except during the days that coincide with her monthly period, in which case she refrains from praying and fasting until the days of her period end."

It states in the fatwas of the Permanent Committee: "If a miscarriage occurs before the human form is apparent in it, then the blood discharged after its expulsion is not considered nifas, for which prayer is abandoned. Rather, it is considered dysfunctional blood (dam fasad). The minimum period for the human form to become apparent is eighty-one days."

Accordingly, the blood that was discharged for ten days, if it coincided with the time of the monthly period, it is menstruation, which necessitates abandoning prayer and fasting, with only the fasting needing to be made up. If it was outside the usual period, it is dysfunctional blood and does not prevent prayer or fasting. If you prayed and fasted during the period of bleeding, there is nothing upon you. Otherwise, you must make up the prayers of those days and any missed fasting days from Ramadan.