Is dedicating a fixed percentage of one's monthly income to charity (sadaqah), and dedicating a specific time daily for reading the Qur'an, considered a Bid'ah (innovation in religion) that has no basis in the faith?

Designating a portion of one's salary for charity and reciting the Qur'an at a specific time each day are permissible actions; in fact, they are good deeds for which the doer will be rewarded. This is because the باب (door/avenue) of charity is wide, and reciting the Qur'an is sanctioned at all times. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to remember Allah in all his states. The condition is that one should not believe in a specific virtue for a particular time that has not been established by Islamic law. The two times mentioned in the question (for charity and Qur'an recitation) have indeed been affirmed by the Shariah as having virtue, for the Qur'an is the most noble form of remembrance, and nighttime recitation is superior.