Making Up Missed Fasts

• What is the interpretation of the Hadith, "Whoever dies while owing fasts, his guardian (wali) must fast on his behalf," in the case of a father who passed away without completing his Ramadan fast, and should one of his children fast on his behalf?
• Is the questioner considered sinful and required to make up the fasts only, or something else, after breaking his fast for two days in Ramadan while working as a sailor on a ship in the Gulf, taking into consideration that the ship is equipped with amenities and stops for several days? And does diving invalidate fasting without anything entering the body? And what is the ruling on following the ship's compass or mobile phone to determine the Qibla when there is a 20-degree difference?
• Must one make up for days of Ramadan that a Muslim fasted while hesitant about the definitive intention to fast from the night, and if making up is obligatory, what is the ruling for one who cannot find a way to feed a poor person?
• How is the expiation for delaying the making up of 20 days of Ramadan to be rendered? What is the definition of the needy person to whom the expiation is paid? What is its amount and the type of food from which it is rendered? And must it be paid all at once?
• Is an expiatory oath (kaffarat yamin) obligatory upon someone who vowed to fast for a full consecutive year if certain conditions were met, and some but not all of these conditions were fulfilled, while being unable to feed or clothe [the poor]? And would the expiation be due after fulfilling the vow? And is it permissible to complete the vowed fasting after Ramadan, the six [days of Shawwal], and making up any missed days?
• Is fasting obligatory for someone who suffers from chronic constipation accompanied by stomach pains and discomfort, and needs to use laxatives, especially since this condition may persist for a long time?
• Is he who fasts six days of Shawwal after Ramadan, while also making up ten days that he missed in Ramadan due to a legitimate Shar'i excuse, rewarded as if he had fasted for an entire lifetime?
• What should I do about making up the days of Ramadan I missed due to menstruation, the number of which I cannot determine?