What is the ruling on one who takes an oath while in a state of major ritual impurity (janabah)?

An oath is the affirmation of a matter by mentioning one of Allah's names or one of His attributes. Purity is not a condition for uttering it, for the ruling of an oath is effective whether the swearer is in a state of major ritual impurity (janābah) or in a state of purity.

As for swearing on the Qur'an (Muṣḥaf), it is not permissible for someone in a state of major ritual impurity or minor ritual impurity to touch the Muṣḥaf, whether for swearing an oath or for any other purpose. It is also not a condition for the validity of an oath to place one's hand on the Muṣḥaf.

Ibn Qudamah mentioned that they did not find anyone who mandated swearing by the Muṣḥaf, and that the solemnization of an oath by bringing the Muṣḥaf has no evidence from the actions of the Prophet, peace be upon him, or the Rightly Guided Caliphs.

The Permanent Committee issued a fatwa stating that swearing by Allah suffices without placing one's hand on the Muṣḥaf. Ibn Uthaymeen emphasized that an oath must be by Allah Almighty or one of His attributes, and that swearing on the Muṣḥaf was not practiced during the era of the Righteous Predecessors.