Is it possible for something to be entrusted to Allah – by the supplication, "I entrust you to Allah, whose trusts are never lost" – and then be stolen? And what is the explanation for a shoe being stolen despite this supplication?

Allah the Almighty tests His servant to observe his faith, certainty, and steadfastness. So, beware lest you be tempted by a desire or a doubt, and remember His saying, the Most High: "And among the people is he who worships Allah on a [precarious] edge. If good befalls him, he is reassured by it; but if trial befalls him, he turns over on his face [to disbelief]. He has lost [this] world and the Hereafter. That is the manifest loss." [Al-Hajj: 11]. The struggle against Satan is on two levels: repelling doubts and suspicions with certainty, and repelling corrupt intentions and desires with patience. The leadership in religion is attained through patience and certainty, as the Most High said: "And We made from among them leaders guiding by Our command when they were patient and [when] they were certain of Our signs." [As-Sajdah: 24].