What is the ruling on combining prayers due to rain, cold, and wind? What is the ruling on combining the Asr prayer with the Friday prayer? Is it permissible for an educated congregant who believes the combining of prayers is invalid to pray alone? How can one respond to accusations of inciting discord? Is it permissible to combine the Dhuhr and Asr prayers on the grounds of cold, wind, and the expectation of rain? Is it permissible to combine prayers by relying on different schools of thought simultaneously?

It is permissible to combine the Dhuhr and Asr prayers, and the Maghrib and Isha prayers, due to rain, snow, hail, and cold winds. However, it is not permissible to combine the Asr prayer with the Jumu'ah prayer. Combining prayers is not permissible merely based on the expectation of rain, but if there is a severe cold wind causing hardship, combining is permissible. It is permissible to combine the two Dhuhr prayers (Dhuhr and Asr) in rain, and this is the view of the Shafi'i school. When combining the two Isha prayers (Maghrib and Isha) due to rain, the view of the majority (Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali schools) is followed. The preponderant view from the rules and conditions is acted upon if one is qualified to weigh evidence; otherwise, one should follow their own madhhab or emulate one of them.