What can I do to avoid the repetition of sounds of music, the call to prayer (adhan), the Qur’an, takbeer, and family voices in my mind, knowing that I do not listen to songs, and I want to meditate and contemplate but to no avail?

What is forbidden is the intention to listen to music. As for merely hearing it without intention, the accountable person is not sinful for it. You are not sinful for these sounds that echo in your heart, but you should strive to guard your thoughts. And every time you struggle against your soul to turn away from bad thoughts and replace them with good ones, the desired outcome will be achieved, Allah willing.