Is the money the questioner receives from the Canadian state permissible, knowing that she is no longer legally married to the man, and her husband says that her taking the money is unlawful, and she has no other source of income?

Divorce via phone is valid and effective unless the husband denies it. Its non-documentation with the court is not considered. If it occurs during menstruation, it is effective, albeit sinful, and counts as three pronouncements according to the preponderant opinion. It is impermissible to take maintenance from the state that obligates the husband to pay after your waiting period (iddah) has expired, because that constitutes cooperation in injustice and consuming wealth unlawfully.