What is the ruling regarding a pregnant woman from whom blood flowed for two and a half months, and she did not pray out of ignorance, believing that the blood flowing before four months is not considered nifas (postpartum bleeding)? And how does she make up the missed prayers when she does not know their number? And is expiation obligatory upon her?

The blood that appeared four months into the pregnancy, if it was due to a miscarriage and showed human formation, is considered nifas (postpartum bleeding). However, if no human formation was apparent, it is considered istihada (irregular bleeding), unless it coincided with the woman's regular menstrual cycle. The blood the questioner saw for two and a half months is istihada and does not prevent her from praying or fasting. The fatwa adopted by us is that a pregnant woman's blood is not considered menstruation (hayd), and this is the view of the Hanafis and Hanbalis. Based on this, she must make up the prayers she missed. If she does not know the exact number, she must estimate diligently until she is certain that her obligation has been fulfilled.