How did the different races and ethnicities (such as white, black, Arabs, and Chinese) originate from a single father and mother, and what is the evidence for this from the Quran and Sunnah?

The diversity of human colors and languages is among God's signs, indicating the perfection of His power, just as the diversity in the colors of mountains, animals, and plants are signs of His power, glorified be He. Ibn Kathir mentioned in his Tafsir (exegesis) that Allah the Almighty, through this verse, draws attention to the perfection of His power in creating diverse and varied things from a single source—water that descends from the sky—from which He brings forth fruits of varying colors. The reason for the diversity in human colors is attributed to the creation of Adam from a handful of earth that Allah took from all parts of the earth, leading to the variations in the colors of humanity due to the differing colors of the earth.