Do the aforementioned reasons—the instability of the marriage due to the husband's travel and his unwillingness to return and settle, differing convictions, and the wife's distrust of him due to his repeated breaking of promises and changing of decisions—permit the wife to seek divorce?

What you have mentioned does not justify your seeking a divorce now. The rights you listed are due to you from your husband after consummation, such as housing. If he does not provide these for you after consummation, you have the right to demand them. If he fails to do so, then you have the right to seek a divorce.

It is not obligatory for the husband to take his wife with him if he wishes to travel for work. However, he is not permitted to be absent for more than six months without a legally recognized excuse, unless with her permission. His travel to earn a livelihood is a recognized excuse.

It is the wife's right to have independent housing. She is not obligated to live with his family or her family unless it is a separate unit with its own facilities.

The wife is not obligated to correct her husband's mistaken understandings. Rather, she can have some scholars clarify the truth to him with wisdom and good admonition.