How can one feel that Allah is addressing him when [the verses speak of] disbelievers, polytheists, and deniers, while he is a believer and a Muslim?

The servant feels that Allah is addressing him through the Quran by listening attentively, reflecting, and acting upon it. A Muslim believes that Allah addresses His servants through the Quran, commanding and forbidding them. Upon hearing "O you who have believed," the Muslim brings to mind the address, saying: "We hear and we obey," following the statement of Ibn Masud, may Allah be pleased with him. If the address is general, he recalls that Allah is addressing him personally, so he fulfills the command, avoids the prohibition, and acts upon the admonition.

The realization of the address differs based on what is being recited: If obedience is mentioned, he recalls the command to be obedient; if disobedience is mentioned, he recalls the prohibition against it; if the people of faith are mentioned, he recalls the command to be loyal to them; if the people of disbelief and hypocrisy are mentioned, he recalls their hatred and enmity. If Satan is mentioned, he remembers his enmity, as in His (Allah’s) saying: (Did I not ordain for you, O Children of Adam, that you should not worship Satan? Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy. And that you should worship Me? This is a straight path). If truthfulness is mentioned, he wishes to be among the truthful; if falsehood is mentioned, he strives not to be among the liars.

Allah urges reflection upon the Quran, as in His saying: (Do they not then reflect on the Quran, or are there locks upon [their] hearts?) and (Do they not then reflect on the Quran? And if it had been from [any] other than Allah, they would have found within it much inconsistency.) Whoever reflects upon Allah's words comes to know his Lord, recognizes His immense sovereignty, His favor upon the believers, and his own duties. Thus, he guards against what his Lord has warned him about and desires what He has made desirable for him. The reflective reciter aims for admonition and understanding the address, not merely finishing the recitation, because reciting the Quran is an act of worship that cannot be done heedlessly.