Missed and Made Up Prayers
1,857 questions
What is the ruling on the prayer led by an Imam who prayed three rak'ahs for 'Isha, then added a fourth rak'ah and performed the prostration of forgetfulness (sujud al-sahw), knowing that some of the congregants joined late?
What is the ruling on making up one missed prayer with each obligatory prayer and performing supererogatory prayers, in order to reconcile the obligation of making up prayers with increasing supererogatory acts, and what should I do if it becomes difficult for me to achieve devotion with the abundance of prayers?
Is it obligatory to make up missed prayers if the questioner experiences dryness (jufūf) as a sign of purity, and the brownish or yellowish discharge appears a day or half a day after the dryness? Is it also obligatory to make up prayers for which the woman experienced menstruation after their time had begun, without remembering their exact number? Is it permissible to pray standing for current prayers and sitting for missed ones? And what is the required duration of dryness to confirm purity?
Does one begin making up missed prayers after puberty in order, or can one start with any prayer? And are prayers missed due to menstruation or sleep to be made up along with the post-puberty prayers or after finishing them?
What is the ruling on the Dhuhr prayer for a traveler who set out after its time began, traveling a distance of ten kilometers? Should he pray it in full or shorten it?
What is the ruling on one who missed the prayer while on the battlefield, and how did the Prophet (peace be upon him) miss four prayers during the Battle of the Trench and then make them up? And does this ruling apply to every Muslim fighting in the path of Allah these days?
What is the ruling on one who died and was unable to pray for a month and a half due to severe illness, and is it permissible for his family to pray on his behalf, or is expiation obligatory upon him?
What is the specified duration for making up a missed prayer with a legitimate excuse after remembering it, such that making it up after this period would not be beneficial, and the person would be considered to have intentionally abandoned it, requiring repentance? And does this duration equal the original prayer time?
How can one arrange making up prayers missed since puberty, and since two years due to a mistake in maintaining ritual purity from سلس ( سلس البول - urinary incontinence, سلس الريح - flatulence, etc.), and since a few days, and a single day? And is putting on the same diaper again after taking it off to relieve oneself considered a mistake, or is it what is meant by not obligating renewal of ritual purity? And is not tightening the diaper to reduce what comes out considered correct?
Does watching a TV series invalidate a missed fast, and must it be made up? Is inhaling food steam considered to break the fast?
How can a Muslim regain their faith and feel the sweetness of prayer after a period of discontinuity, given that they do not remember the number of missed prayers they did not perform or performed without ablution? And must they make up all of these prayers, or should they start anew?
What is the detested time for prayer (waqt al-karahah), and is it permissible to offer the supererogatory (Sunnah) prayers during this time?
Is it sufficient to stop supplicating against the oppressor in this life to guarantee retribution in the Hereafter, after previous supplications were made for punishment to occur sooner or later?
What is the ruling on women performing prayers in a public place?
Is it obligatory to make up for missed adhkar after remembering them, such as the adhkar for riding, leaving the house, or waking up from sleep? And what about the adhkar whose time conflicts, or those that cannot be made up after their occasion has passed, such as the adhkar for entering the house or leaving the mosque?
What is the ruling on someone who swore that he would not travel again, saying: "By Allah the Almighty, I will not travel again, and if I do, may Allah take my life," and he intends to travel to perform Umrah? And will his invocation against himself be answered, given that he was traveling when he made this oath?
Should those who enter while the Imam is delivering the sermon for the Istisqa prayer pray it after he finishes, or should they sit down? And should it be made up, or should they pray in congregation?
Should the worshipper raise his hands when standing up from the first Tashahhud, if the Imam's last Tashahhud is the worshipper's first Tashahhud in a four-rak'ah prayer? And should he raise his hands if he caught one rak'ah and sat for the last Tashahhud with the Imam?
Will a parent be held accountable for the period of delirium during which he missed prayers, and are there other deeds, besides supplication and charity, that can be done for a parent?
Is it permissible for a latecomer to appoint himself as an imam for a group of latecomers after the first congregational prayer with their imam has ended?
Is it permissible to do what the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, did, such as calling the Adhan and performing the Fajr prayer in congregation upon waking up late, by analogy with the story of Bilal, or is that restricted to travel, and must it be made up if we are not traveling?
What is the ruling on the prayer of one who forgot a prostration in the last rak'ah, then said the tasleem, whereupon one of the worshippers reminded him, so he repeated the last rak'ah and performed the prostration he had forgotten, and what is the ruling on one who did not perform the last prostration with them?
Is a person considered a disbeliever for being discontent with Allah's decree after missing one prayer, and what is the ruling on their continued shunning of people and refusal of imamate because of that?
Was my action correct in completing the Tashahhud, then performing the two missed rak'ahs, then performing the prostration of forgetfulness (sujud al-sahw) before the salām, after having joined the Imam in the third rak'ah, and not following him in his standing for the fifth rak'ah nor in his prostration of forgetfulness? And is this prayer valid despite the Imam's confusion and skipping the final Tashahhud?